US-Russia Virtual Science Challenge for Youth

[1] Canada: 45,000 tons of heavy metal (as of 2011), spent fuel policy: direct disposal, Nuclear Fuel Waste Projections in Canada, December 2011.
[2] China: 1100 tons of heavy metal (1994-2005), spent fuel policy: plan to reprocess.
[3] Finland: 1,600 tons of heavy metal (as of Dec 2007), spent fuel policy: direct disposal, use the Swedish KBS method for a repository and has chosen a site.
[4] France: 13,500 tons of heavy metal (as of Dec 2010), spent fuel policy: reprocessing.
[5] Germany: 12,505 tons of heavy metal (as of Dec 2007), spent fuel policy: direct disposal (now) following the March 2011 Fukushima accident, Germany decided to close all nuclear power reactors by 2011. National Report of Germany for the Third Review Conference of the Joint Convention on The Safety of Spent Fuel Management and the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management.
[6] Japan: 13,150 tons of heavy metal (as of March 2010), spent fuel policy: reprocessing.
[7] South Korea: 10,952 tons of heavy metal (as of Dec 2008), spent fuel policy: storage. Disposal undecided. Research on dry pyroprocessing technology.
[8] Russia: 24,132.9 tons of heavy metal (as of Jan 2008), spent fuel policy: some reprocessing. Second National Report of the Russian Federation on Compliance with the obligations of the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management.
[9] United Kingdom: 5,862 tons of heavy metal (as of Dec 2007), spent fuel policy: reprocessing but future unclear.
[10] United States: 64,500 tons of heavy metal (as of Dec 2010), 15,350 tons in dry casks, spent fuel policy: direct disposal.
[11] Sweden: 5,400 tons of heavy metal (as of Dec 2007) spent fuel policy: direct disposal. In March 2011 the applications were submitted to the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) and to the Environmental Court to build the Spent Fuel Repository in Forsmark.

Resources

• Managing Spent Fuel from Nuclear power Reactors, Experience and Lessons from Around the world, International Panel on fissile Materials, Sept 2011.
• National Reports submitted for the Third Review Meeting on Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management.
• Yun Zhou, "China's Spent Nuclear Fuel Management: Current Practices and Future Strategies," Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland Working Paper, March 2011.
• Frank von Hippel, "Plutonium, Proliferation and Radioactive-Waste Politics in East Asia," Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Website, January 2011.
• Yun Zhou, China's Spent Fuel Management and Fuel Cycle Scenarios, The Belfer Center of International and Security Studies, Harvard University, March 2010.