(Final Document, Para 18) The participants in the Conference urge the Great Powers to sign without further delay a treaty for general and complete disarmament in order to save mankind from the scourge of war and to release energy and resources now being spent on armaments to be used for the peaceful economic and social development of all mankind. The participating countries also consider that: (a) The non-aligned nations should be represented at all future world conferences on disarmament; (b) All discussions on disarmament should be held under the auspices of the United Nations; (c) General and complete disarmament should be guaranteed by an effective system of inspection and control, the teams of which should include members of non-aligned nations. 

(Final Document, Para 19) The participants in the Conference consider it essential that an agreement on the prohibition of all nuclear and thermonuclear tests should be urgently concluded. With this aim in view, it is necessary that negotiations be immediately resumed, separately or as part of the negotiations on general disarmament. Meanwhile, the moratorium on the testing of all nuclear weapons should be resumed and observed by all countries. 

(Final Document, Para 2) The Conference notes with concern that the continuing arms race and the tremendous advances that have been made in the production of weapons of mass destruction and their stockpiling threaten the world with armed conflict and annihilation. The Conference urges the great Powers to take new and urgent steps towards achieving general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control. 

(Final Document, Para 3) The Conference, regrets that despite the efforts of the members of the 18-Nation Committee on Disarmament, and in particular those of the non-aligned countries, the results have not been satisfactory. It urges the great Powers, in collaboration with the other members of that Committee, to renew their efforts with determination a view to the conclusion of an agreement on general and complete disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 7) The Conference appeals to the Great Powers to take the lead in giving effect to decisive and immediate measures which would make possible substantial reductions in their military budgets. 

(Final Document, Para 8) The Conference requests the Great Powers to abstain from all policies conducive to the dissemination of nuclear weapons and their by-products among those States which do not at present possess them. It underlines the great danger in the dissemination of nuclear weapons and urges all States, particularly those possessing nuclear weapons, to conclude non-dissemination agreements and to agree on measures providing for the gradual liquidation of the existing stock-piles of nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 10) The Conference welcomes the agreement of the Great Powers not to orbit in outer space nuclear or other weapons of mass destruction and expresses its conviction that it is necessary to conclude an international treaty prohibiting the utilisation of outer space for military purposes. The Conference urges full international co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space. 

(Final Document, Para 14) The Conference also requests the nuclear Powers to respect these denuclearized zones. 

(Final Document, Para 6) The practice of interfering in the internal affairs of other states, and the recourse to political and economic pressure, threats of force and subversion are acquiring alarming proportions and dangerous frequency. Wars of aggression are raging in the Middle East and in Indo-China and are being prolonged in South Vietnam and have been extended to Cambodia. The presence of foreign forces in Korea is posing a threat to national independence and to international peace and security. The continued oppression and subjugation of the African peoples in Southern Africa by the racist and colonial minority regimes, apart from being a blot on the conscience of mankind, poses a serious threat to international peace and security. This situation is becoming dangerously explosive as a result of the collusion between certain developed countries of the West and the racist minority regimes in that part of the world. The continuing arms race is causing alarm and concern; it is rendering the possibility of a nuclear detente extremely precarious and is serving as a spur to limited wars. The balance of terror between the superpowers has not brought peace and security to the rest of the world. There are, however, welcome signs of a growing detente between the power blocs but the abatement of the cold war has not yet resulted in the disintegration of the military blocs formed in the context of great power conflicts. 

(Final Document, Para 7) International relations are entering a phase characterized by increasing interdependence and also by the desire of States to pursue independent policies. The democratization of international relations is therefore an imperative necessity of our times. But there is an unfortunate tendency on the part of some of the big powers to monopolise decision-making on world issues which are of vital concern to all countries. 

(Final Document, Para 12) The Conference declares that the following continue to be the aims of non-alignment: the pursuit of world peace and peaceful co-existence by strengthening the role of non-aligned countries within the United Nations so that it will be a more effective instrument against all forms of aggressive action and the threat or use of force against the freedom, independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of any country; the fight against colonialism and racialism which are a negation of human equality and dignity; the settlement of disputes by peaceful means; the ending of the arms race followed by universal disarmament; opposition to great power military alliances and pacts; opposition to the establishment of foreign military bases and foreign troops on the soil of other nations in the context of great power conflicts and colonial and racist suppression; the universality of, and the strengthening of the efficacy of the United Nations; and the struggle for economic independence and mutual co-operation on a basis of equality and mutual benefit. What is needed is not redefinition of non-alignment but a rededication by all non-aligned nations to its central aims and objectives. 

(Final Document, Para 13) The participants in the Conference solemnly declare that they shall consistently adhere to these principles in their mutual relations and in their relations with other States. They have accordingly agreed to take the following measures: (a) to achieve full solidarity and to initiate effective and concrete measures against all forces that jeopardise and violate the independence and territorial integrity of the non-aligned countries; and for this purpose to co-operate with and consult each other as and when necessary; (b) to continue their efforts to bring about the dissolution of great power military alliances in the interest of promoting peace and relaxing international tensions, under circumstances ensuring the security of all states and peoples; to safeguard international peace and security through the development of social, economic, political and military strength of each country; (c) to assert the right of all countries to participate in international relations on an equal footing which is imperative for the democratization of international relations; (d) to offer determined support to the intensification of the work of all international bodies concerned with problems of disarmament, particularly in the preparations for and implementation of the programme of the Disarmament Decade as an integral part of general and complete disarmament; (e) to intensify and unite efforts among the developing countries and between them and the developed countries for the carrying out of urgent structural changes in the world economy and for the establishment of such international co-operation as will reduce the gap between developed and developing countries; (f) to intensify joint efforts for the liquidation of colonialism and racial discrimination; to this end to pledge their utmost possible moral, political and material support to national liberation movements and to ensure the implementation of international decisions, including measures by the Security Council in accordance with the relevant provisions of the United Nations Charter; (g) to continue their efforts toward strengthening the role and efficacy of the United Nations, to promote the achievement of the universality of the United Nations and to realise the urgent need for giving the People’s Republic of China her rightful place in the organization and the admission of other countries. While at the same time examining the modalities of enabling countries outside the United Nations, including those which are divided, to participate in the activities of the Organisation and its Agencies; (h) to strengthen steadily, and to expand the domain of mutual co-operation within international, regional and bilateral frameworks; (i) to ensure the continuity of action by holding periodic consultations of representatives of non-aligned countries at different levels and by convening summit conferences more frequently depending on the prevailing international situation. 

(Final Document, Para 60) The non-aligned countries stress the need for the détente initiated between great powers, already hailed by the Conference of Non-Aligned Countries, to lead to the effective breaking up of the military alliances stemming from the cold war. 

(Final Document, Para 81) Disregard for United Nations decisions and the tendency of great Powers to monopolize the Organization’s activities, to render it inactive or to divert it to their own private interests, contradict the universal nature of the Organization and reduce its standing and prestige. 

(Final Document, Para 82) With a view to ensuring the effectiveness and authority of the United Nations, the non-aligned countries stress the need to improve the Organization. To this end, the Security Council, the organ primarily responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security, should not be prevented from exercising all the responsibilities conferred on it by the Charter. In this connexion, the Heads of State or Government invite all those upon whom the Charter has conferred a special responsibility to show wisdom and moral integrity in the exercise of their functions. 

(Final Document, Para 218) In this context, the Conference called for the urgent implementation, within a specific time frame, of the Programme of Action, particularly of the nuclear disarmament measures, contained in the Final Document of the special session. The Conference called for the immediate cessation of the qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery, a halt in the production of fissionable material for weapons purposes and of all nuclear weapons, and the reduction of nuclear weapons stockpiles leading to their elimination. Pending the elimination of nuclear weapons, the nuclear-weapon States are called upon to renounce the threat or use of nuclear weapons and to cease the testing of nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 219) The Conference noted with concern the continuation of the arms race, mainly by the nuclear-weapon States, in particular the nuclear arms race and the development, manufacture and increased stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction. The Conference recognized, as was noted at the First Summit Conference in Belgrade, the special role and responsibility of the great Powers in halting and reversing the arms race and expressed its confidence that peace and security on a lasting basis could only be ensured by halting this process and through immediate and resolute implementation of disarmament measures with a view to achieving general and complete disarmament. The Conference declared that the most effective assurance of security against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons is nuclear disarmament and prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons. The nuclear-weapon States must refrain from any activity in the nuclear field which would jeopardize the security and well-being of the peoples of non-nuclear-weapon States. The Conference noted with satisfaction that proposals on this subject have been submitted in the Committee on Disarmament and that there is no objection in principle in the Committee to an international convention to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. The Conference welcomed the establishment of a Working Group to negotiate such a convention. The Conference recommended that negotiations should be continued at the next session of the Committee on Disarmament to elaborate a convention on this subject. 

(Final Document, Para 222) The Conference welcomed the signing of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the United States of America on the limitation of strategic nuclear weapons. The Conference noted with regret, however, that the agreement fell short of the expectations of the international community. It expressed the hope that the Soviet Union and the United States of America would urgently conclude a new agreement which would lead to genuine disarmament measures, particularly in the field of nuclear disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 224) The Conference called upon all States, particularly the big military Powers, participants in the United Nations conference on the prohibition or restriction of the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects, to be held in Geneva this year, to conclude agreements on the prohibition or restriction of the use of certain conventional weapons as well as an agreement on the appropriate mechanism for periodical revision of such agreements and consideration of new agreements of this type. 

(Final Document, Para 225) The Conference noted that the arms race is incompatible with and contrary to the efforts directed to the establishment of the New International Economic Order. It underscored again that increasing aerial and human potentials were being wasted through investment in armaments, which considerably diminishes the availability of resources indispensable for development. The Conference again urged the immediate reduction of expenditures for armaments, especially by the nuclear-weapon States and their allies, and called for concrete measures of disarmament the implementation of which would progressively enable a significant portion of the resources so diverted to be used for social and economic needs, particularly those of developing countries. 

(Final Document, Para 30) The Heads of State or Government reiterated their conviction that international peace and security can only be ensured through general and complete disarmament, in particular nuclear disarmament, under effective international control. In order to prevent effectively the horizontal and vertical proliferation of nuclear weapons, nuclear-weapon States should adopt urgent measures for halting and reversing the nuclear arms race. Pending the achievement of nuclear disarmament, the Heads of State or Government, in the name of humanity, demanded an immediate prohibition of the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons by all nuclear-weapon States. They further called for a freeze on the development, production, stockpiling and deployment of nuclear weapons and the speedy finalization of a comprehensive treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons. They also reiterated that the nuclear-weapon States have an obligation to guarantee that non-nuclear-weapon States will not be threatened or attacked with nuclear weapons. The Heads of State or Government recommended that negotiations should proceed without delay for the conclusion of an agreed international instrument on effective international arrangements to insure all non-nuclear-weapon States, without any discrimination, against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 32) The Heads of State or Government expressed grave concern that certain nuclear-weapon States have deployed or intend to deploy nuclear weapons in various regions of the world. 

(Final Document, Para 34) The Heads of State or Government expressed their deep disappointment at the failure of the second special session of the United Nations General Assembly devoted to disarmament to achieve meaningful results. Efforts to adopt a comprehensive programme on disarmament and other measures for disarmament, particularly nuclear disarmament, failed due to the inflexible positions adopted by some of the major powers. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that the principles and priorities contained in the Final Document of the first special session of the United Nations General Assembly devoted to disarmament retained all their validity and that the objectives and measures containedtherein still represent a goal to be achieved, for which the non-aligned countries would continue to work untiringly. In this context, they welcomed and fully supported the World Disarmament Campaign launched during the second special session of the United Nations General Assembly devoted to disarmament. They also called for the early elaboration of the comprehensive programme of disarmament so as to ensure its adoption at the thirty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly. 

(Final Document, Para 37) The Heads of State or Government urged the major nuclear-weapon States to pursue their negotiations on arms limitation and disarmament with greater vigour. Bearing in mind the vital interest that all States have in disarmament, they urged these States to keep the United Nations informed of the progress achieved in the above-mentioned negotiations. 

(Final Document, Para 35) The Heads of State or Government were greatly perturbed by the announcement by the Government of the United States of America that it no longer considers itself bound by the provisions of the Second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II) of 1979. They urged the Government of the United States of America to reconsider its position. 

(Final Document, Para 37) They recalled the obligation of all States to refrain from the threat or use of force in their other space activities. They reiterated their view that the universally accepted objective of general and complete disarmament under effective international control demands that outer space should not be transformed into an area for pursuing the arms race. They therefore called on the Conference on Disarmament to commence negotiations urgently to conclude an agreement or agreements, as appropriate, to prevent the extension of the arms race in all its aspects into outer space and thus enhance the prospects of co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space. In particular, they stressed the urgency of halting the development of anti-satellite weapons, the dismantling of the existing systems, the prohibition of the introduction of new weapon systems into outer space and of ensuring that the existing treaties safeguarding the peaceful uses of other space, as well as the 1972 Treaty on the Limitation of Antiballistic Missile Systems are fully honoured, strengthened and extended as necessary in light of recent technological advances. The Heads of State or Government invited the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Conference on Disarmament to explore the ways and means of bringing satellites for military purposes under international control, particularly when it puts at stake the security of non-aligned countries. 

(Final Document, Para 38) The Heads of State or Government called upon all States, in particular those with major space capabilities, to adhere strictly to the existing legal restrictions and limitations on space weapons, including those contained in the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (General Assembly resolution 2222 (XXI), annex) and the 1972 Soviet Union-United States Treaty on Antiballistic Missiles, and to refrain from taking any measures aimed at developing, testing or deploying weapons and weapons systems in outer space. Simultaneously, negotiations should be undertaken urgently with a view to concluding an agreement or agreements preventing the extension of the arms race into this area. Measures aimed at developing, testing or deploying weapons and weapons systems in outer space could, through a constant chain of action and reaction, lead to an escalation of the arms race in both “offensive” and “defensive” weapons, thus making the outbreak of nuclear conflict more likely. Such a situation would not only result in a quantum leap in the level of resources expended on armaments, but would also frustrate the efforts currently under way to achieve disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 39) The Heads of State or Government noted that in their join statement issued in Geneva in November 1985, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the President of the United States of America agreed to speed up bilateral United States-Soviet negotiations on arms limitations with the declared objective of working out “effective agreements aimed at preventing an arms race in space and terminating it on Earth with the ultimate goal of achieving the complete elimination of nuclear arsenals everywhere”. In this regard, the Heads of State or Government called upon the leaders of the two countries to pursue without delay and in a spirit of goodwill the objectives they set themselves at Geneva, and urged that an early agreement be reached in these negotiations to refrain from extending the arms race to outer space and simultaneously to effect drastic reductions in their existing nuclear arsenals. 

(Final Document, Para 40) Noting in particular the statement that “a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought”, and its corollary, that neither side would ever wage such a war, the Heads of State or Government hoped that, as a demonstration of the sincerity of their declaration, the United States and the Soviet Union, together with the other nuclear-weapon States, would agree to sign a binding instrument foreswearing the use of nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 41) The Heads of State or Government urged the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in their negotiations, constantly to take into account not only their own national interests but also the vital interests of all peoples of the world. They should keep the United Nations General Assembly and the Conference on Disarmament, as the sole multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament issues, duly informed of the progress and state of their negotiations. 

(Final Document, Para 48) The Movement noted with satisfaction the initiative taken by the Heads of State or Government of Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden and the United Republic of Tanzania in their joint declarations of 22 May 1984, 28 January 1985 and 7 August 1986, in which they called upon the nuclear-weapon States to halt all testing, production and deployment of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems, to be followed by substantial reductions in their nuclear forces. The six leaders had further urged that this reduction be followed by a continuing programme of reduction of armaments leading to general and complete disarmament and should be accompanied by measures to strengthen the United Nations system and to effect the urgently needed transfer of substantial resources from the arms race to social and economic development. The Delhi Declaration of 28 January 1985 had specified two steps which required special and urgent attention: the prevention of an arms race in outer space and the early conclusion of a comprehensive test-ban treaty. The Mexico Declaration of 7 August 1986 reiterated the need to adopt these measures. In addition, it urged the leaders of the United States of America and the Soviet Union to continue and re-invigorate the dialogue which they started last year, to set a firm date for a new meeting between them, and by an approach of mutual compromise and conciliation to ensure that such dialogue leads to practical results in the field of disarmament. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that these actions were in conformity with the basic approach of the non-aligned countries and showed the relevance of the principles of non-alignment and the positions of non-aligned countries for the international community at large. 

(Final Document, Para 53) The Heads of State or Government noted with deep concern that the qualitative development of conventional weapons adds a new dimension to the arms race, especially among States possessing the largest conventional arsenals. They urged these States to restrain such development. They emphasized that, together with negotiations on nuclear disarmament, measures for the limitation and gradual reduction of armed forces and conventional weapons should be pursued resolutely within the framework of progress towards general and complete disarmament. States with the largest military arsenals have a special responsibility in this regard. The adoption of such disarmament measures should take place in an equitable and balanced manner in order to ensure the right of each State to security, and that no individual State or group of States may obtain advantages over others at any stage. At each stage, the objective should be undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments and armed forces. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that the adoption of disarmament measures should be based on full respect for the principles of non-intervention, non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and the peaceful solution of disputed in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. 

(Final Document, Para 55) The Heads of State or Government called upon other States, in particular the major arms suppliers, to facilitate progress towards regional disarmament by refraining from any action, including the threat or use of force, that could impede the achievement of the objectives of such initiatives and by taking measures of positive co-operation for the attainment of this goal. 

(Final Document, Para 56) The Heads of State or Government expressed their conviction that the limitation and reduction of the military activities and rivalry of great Powers and blocs beyond their boundaries would significantly contribute to the strengthening of the security of non-aligned and other countries. They therefore called for the military withdrawal and disengagement of the great Powers and their military alliances from positions beyond their frontiers and the elimination of their military bases and facilities from the territories of the non-aligned countries. 

(Final Document, Para 60) The Heads of State or Government regretted that it had not been possible to convene an International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development in Paris in July 1986. They emphasized the importance of the Conference as marking the beginning of an intensive consideration of these problems by the entire international community and expressed the hope that the forty-first session of the United Nations General Assembly would take a decision on the dates and venue of the Conference in accordance with the decision of the resumed fortieth session of the General Assembly to convene it in 1987. They considered the Conference an urgent necessity for the appropriate and timely examination of the adverse consequences of steadily increasing arms expenditure on the global economy. They urged all States to participate in it at a high level and contribute to its success. It was essential that a remedy be found for the existing situation, in which hundreds of billions of dollars are spent annually on weapons while two-thirds of the world’s population lives in poverty and in some cases, misery. They attached particular importance to the Conference coming out with specific recommendations on the ways and means of releasing additional resources through disarmament measures for development purposes, in particular for the benefit of the developing countries. Expressing the conviction that the economic and social consequences of the arms race militate against the creation of the new international economic order, the Heads of State or Government declared that lasting peace could only be assured through a restructuring of the world economy with the objective of establishing the New Order and bridging the economic gap between developing and developed countries. The Heads of State or Government called for a demonstration of greater political will by the developed countries for the attainment of this end. 

(Final Document, Para 2) They noted that since the last Summit Conference in Hararesignificant events have taken place with bearing on international security,establishingnew trends in international relations. Conflicts and hostilitiesare giving way to negotiations, understanding and cooperation in a number of instances. The responsibilities and obligations of all states to speed up the emerging process and to channel it in a direction that wouldbenefitall,was underlined. Lasting peace and security can only be achieved by pooling the efforts of the entire international community and will all countriesparticipating andcontributing on the basis of equality. 

(Final Document, Para 3) They noted that super-power detente will not by itself resolve the conflicts which exist in various parts of the world. Indeed, such conflicts could become aggravated unless they are speedily resolved on the basis of the principles of the United Nations Charter. 

(Final Document, Para 5) The Heads of State or Government underlined in particular that general and complete disarmament under effective international control is by its very nature unattainable unless all countries joined in its implementation. They stressed that the use of nuclear weapons could lead to the extinction of human life on earth. Since nuclear war threatens the very right to live, all nations have an equal stake in preventing it. They were of the view that the on-going process of disarmament could bequickened and its coverage widened through the commonendeavour of the entire international community.Clearly, the disarmament process cannot be carried out without a contribution by all States and especially by the Great Powers and their military alliances, which have the greatest responsibility in that regard. The Heads of State or Government expressed the firm resolve of their countries to continue to constructively encourage disarmament. They stressed that the strengthening of international security through disarmament and restraints of the qualitative and quantitative escalation of arms race,remains one of the most significantobjectives and motives of the Movement’s constant commitment. Proceeding from the view that disarmament is acomponent of detente and security, including the national security of Non-Aligned Countries as a group and each of them individually, they stressed that the policy and practice of non-alignment stands for disarmament as the most tangible form of negation of military might and the use of force in international relations. 

(Final Document, Para 8) They stressed that fora number of reasons conditions today are morefavourable for disarmament.The five USSR and USA summits in the last four years have had a positive effect on world developments as a whole. The USSR and USA have, for the first time in history, signed a treaty toeliminate some of the existing nuclear weapons. The Heads of Stateor Government welcomed this step and reiterated their expectation that it would be a precursor to the adoption of concrete disarmament measures leading to the complete elimination of nuclear weapons. In that sense, they attached particular importance to the current negotiations between the USSR and the USA on a considerable reduction of strategic offensive nuclear arsenals and hoped that the current delay would beovercome and the treaty signed at the earliest date. This process should be followed by the incorporation of other nuclear-weapon States into the process of nuclear disarmament. They wished to stressin particular that the world of today but also the world of tomorrow requires that doctrines of power policies be replaced by a policy of cooperation, aimed at fulfilling the legitimate expectations of the entire international community. 

(Final Document, Para 9) The Heads of State or Government, however, noted that while the overall international climate is positive, there is still much to be done to halt the arms race. Even if the current goals in East-West arms negotiations are achieved, the two blocs will retain significant nuclear and conventional arsenals. They emphasized the extreme urgency of adopting measures for achieving nuclear disarmament through a time-bound program for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons. Meanwhile, they reiterated the need for non-nuclear weapons states to be assured against the use or treat of use of nuclear weapons, and urged for the early conclusion of an international agreement for this purpose. In addition, they stressed the need for the conclusion of an international agreement prohibiting all use of nuclear weapons under any circumstances. They reiterated the urgency of preventing the arms race in outer space, which should be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. They further stressed the importance of naval disarmament. They also underlined the need to prevent the arms race in its qualitative aspects. 

(Final Document, Para 11) The Heads of State or Government noted that this Summit is taking place a year before the 4th Review Conference of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and called on the three depositary states of NPT to be forthcoming on nuclear disarmament matters. For the credibility of the NPT regime, these States should fulfill their obligations by agreeing to negotiate a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty which is absolutely essential for the preservation of the Non-Proliferation regime embodied in the NPT. Nuclear-weapon states have a responsibility to assure all non-nuclear weapon states, whether parties or non-parties of NPT, against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons by concluding an Agreement to this effect. They, however, remained convinced that the most effective measure to assure non-nuclear weapon states against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons is complete cessation of nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 38) The Heads of State or Government noted that significant changes have occurred in international relations and that a process of gradual transformation of military structures is now underway. They hoped that these positive developments, which are creating a new global environment, will lead to the renunciation of strategic doctrines based on the use of nuclear weapons and to the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and thereby making a real contribution to global security. 

(Final Document, Para 43) The Heads of State or Government welcomed a number of positive developments since the Ninth Summit in the field of nuclear, chemical and conventional disarmament, including agreements reached in bilateral arms reductions between the United States and the Russian Federation. They attached particular importance to the June 1992 Agreement between the United States and the Russian Federation in Washington, D.C. and expressed the hope that the implementation of the far-reaching reductions will be successfully carried out, so that the ultimate goal of the complete elimination of nuclear arsenals will be attained within a specific time-frame. They called upon the other nuclear-weapon States to actively participate in this endeavour and thereby rid the world of the dangers posed by the nuclear menace. 

(Final Document, Para 48) The Heads of State or Government, while noting that China and France had acceded to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) expressed concern over the failure of some Depository States to demonstrate a genuine commitment with regard to complete nuclear disarmament within a time bound framework under Article VI of the NPT, and credible security assurances and adequate technical assistance to all non-nuclear weapon states. Recognizing that States Parties will hold a Conference in 1995 to review the Treaty and to determine the period of its extension, they called for a fresh appraisal of the implementation of the commitments undertaken by nuclear-weapon states. They resolved that a member of the Non-Aligned Movement should be presented as a candidate, after consultation, for the Chairmanship of the Conference in 1995. In this context they urged the nuclear-weapon states to support the ongoing efforts of the Amendment Conference on the Partial Test Ban Treaty, with a view to the conclusion of an agreement prohibiting the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons against all non-nuclear weapons states, and the establishment of nuclear weapons-free zones taking into account the characteristics of the region and on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the states of the region concerned; and to ensure the availability of nuclear materials, equipment and technology for peaceful purposes on a non-discriminatory, predictable and long-term basis. 

(Final Document Para 49) The Heads of State or Government called for a cessation of nuclear testing by all States for all time in all environments as a vital global objective to be pursued at various levels, but especially at the multilateral level. In this respect, they welcomed the moratorium declared by certain nuclear-weapon States and urged other nuclear-weapon States to follow suit as a first step. The Amendment Conference of the State Parties to the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water held in January 1991 had contributed in an important way to that objective by bringing States Parties together for the first time to discuss the obstacles to an agreement on the discontinuation of test explosions. 

(Final Document, Para 85) They expressed their concern at the limited and slow progress achieved in the negotiations aimed at reducing, and ultimately eliminating, nuclear arsenals pursuant to the objectives of general and complete disarmament. They urged all the other Nuclear-Weapon States to join the ongoing efforts of the two countries possessing the largest nuclear weapons arsenals to speed up the process for the complete elimination of this category of arms. 

(Final Document, Para 90) They firmly rejected all kinds of nuclear testing which are being carried out regardless of their serious environmental consequences and their contrary effects to peace, security and international stability. They strongly deplored the resumption and continuation of nuclear testing and called upon all the Nuclear-Weapon States to act in a manner consistent with the negotiations and objectives of a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty, and cease conducting any nuclear testing. They supported the total elimination of all nuclear testing without any exception. They welcomed the efforts to conclude negotiations on a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) by 1996 and emphasized that any activity relating to further research and development on nuclear arsenals, or their production, would run contrary to the spirit of the CTBT. They emphasized that the CTBT, to be meaningful in the context of a disarmament treaty must be considered an important step in the process leading to the complete elimination of all nuclear weapons within a specific time-frame. 

(Final Document, Para 93) The Heads of State or Government Parties to the NPT strongly deplored that the Nuclear-Weapon States have not fulfilled up to now the obligations contained in Article VI of the NPT and reiterated the urgent need to achieve the total elimination of all existing nuclear weapons as an indispensable step towards general and complete disarmament under strict and efficient international control. They called for the determined pursuit by the Nuclear- Weapon States of systematic and progressive efforts in this regard. They also urged the Nuclear-Weapon States to end immediately the qualitative improvement, development and production of nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 95) Consistent with the decisions adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Heads of State or Government Parties to the NPT called upon all States and in particular, the Nuclear-Weapon States to wholly fulfill their commitments. Namely: a)achievement of universality of the Treaty; b)the completion of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty before the end of 1996; c) the conclusion of legally binding instruments to assure the Non-Nuclear-Weapons States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons; d)the ban on fissile materials and other nuclear devices for weapon purposes; e) the elimination of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction; f) the establishment of nuclear free zones, and g) the unimpeded and non-discriminatory transfer of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes to all States Parties without exception. 

(Final Document, Para 113) The Heads of State or Government reiterated that with the end of the Cold War, there is no justification for the maintenance of nuclear arsenals, or concepts of international security based on promoting and developing military alliances and policies of nuclear deterrence. They noted and welcomed the various international initiatives, which stress that with the end of the Cold War the opportunity now exists for the international community to pursue nuclear disarmament as a matter of the highest priority. They also noted that the present situation whereby Nuclear Weapon States insist that nuclear weapons provide unique security benefits, and yet monopolise the right to own them, is highly discriminatory, unstable and cannot be sustained. These weapons continued to represent a threat to the survival of the mankind. The Heads of State or Government recalled their principled positions on nuclear disarmament and the related issues of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear tests. They expressed their concern at the slow pace of progress towards nuclear disarmament, which constitutes their primary disarmament objective. They noted the complexities arising from nuclear tests in South Asia, which underlined the need to work even harder to achieve their disarmament objectives, including elimination of nuclear weapons. They considered positively the commitment by the parties concerned in the region to exercise restraint, which contributes to regional security, to discontinue nuclear tests and not to transfer nuclear weapons-related material, equipment and technology. They further stressed the significance of universal adherence to the CTBT, including by all Nuclear Weapon States, and commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on fissile materials (decision CD/1547), which, inter-alia, should accelerate the process of nuclear disarmament. They also stressed their positions against unilateral, coercive or discriminatory measures which have been applied against Non-Aligned countries. They reiterated the need for bilateral dialogue to secure peaceful solutions on all outstanding issues and the promotion of confidence and security building measures and mutual trust. They recalled that the Cartagena Summit had called for the adoption of an action plan for the elimination of nuclear weapons within a time-bound framework. They once again called upon the international community to join them in negotiating and implementing universal, non-discriminatory disarmament measures and mutually agreed confidence-building measures. They called for an international conference, preferably in 1999, with the objective of arriving at an agreement, before the end of this millennium on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons with a specified framework of time to eliminate all nuclear weapons, to prohibit their development, production, acquisition, testing, stockpiling, transfer, use and threat of use, and to provide for their destruction. 

(Final Document, Para 114) The Heads of State or Government reiterated their call on the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as the highest priority, an ad hoc committee to start in 1998 negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons with a specified framework of time, including a Nuclear Weapons Convention. The Conference on Disarmament shall take into consideration all relevant views and proposals, regarding this issue that have been submitted to it. They also insisted on the need to conclude a universal and legally binding multilateral agreement committing all States to the complete elimination of nuclear weapons. In this context they regretted that some Nuclear Weapons States had adopted inflexible postures which prevented the Conference on Disarmament from commencing these negotiations. They underscored the flexibility, which on the other hand has been demonstrated by the members of the Non-Aligned Movement, members of the Conference on Disarmament, in accepting the proposal to establish an ad hoc committee under item 1 of the Conference on Disarmament’s agenda to negotiate a convention on the prohibition of the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. They emphasised that this flexibility should be reciprocated by others through their agreement on the establishment of an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament as well as during the course of the negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on fissile materials (Decision CD/1547). 

(Final Document, Para 115) In this connection, the Heads of State or Government reiterated that a number of Non-Aligned Movement countries had taken collective initiatives at the United Nations General Assembly sessions to underscore the need for urgent action in the field of nuclear disarmament, as mandated by the Cartagena Summit. They recognisedall of the constructive and useful proposals put forward by members of the Non-Aligned Movement in the Conference on Disarmament on the establishment of an Ad Hoc Committee on nuclear disarmament including the useful work done by Non-Aligned Movement members of the Conference on Disarmament and developing a Programme of Action for the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons within a time-bound framework. The Heads of State or Government took note of the Declaration issued on 9 June 1998 entitled - “Towards a World Free of Nuclear Weapons: Time for a New Agenda”, supported and responded to by a number of States including by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement. They recognised that this Declaration, as well as all other initiatives which have consistently been proposed by the Movement and its members are contributions to the goal of the complete elimination of nuclear weapons and called upon the Nuclear Weapon States to react positively to these initiatives. 

(Final Document, Para 116) The Heads of State or Government expressed concern over the failure of the Nuclear Weapon States to demonstrate a genuine commitment with regard to complete nuclear disarmament, and to provide universal, unconditional, and legally binding negative security assurances to all Non-Nuclear Weapon States, and urged the Nuclear Weapon States to immediately commence and conclude without delay negotiations on these assurances. 

(Final Document, Para 121) Consistent with the decisions taken by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the Heads of State or Government of States party to the NPT called upon all States party, particularly the Nuclear Weapon States, to fulfil their commitments, particularly those related to Article VI of the Treaty.  They also emphasised the need to ensure and facilitate the exercise of the inalienable right of all states to develop, produce and use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination under IAEA safeguards. Undertakings to facilitate participation in the fullest possible exchange of equipment, material and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy should be fully implemented. 

(Final Document, Para 124) The Heads of State or Government of State signatory to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty expressed their satisfaction that 150 States have signed the Treaty and 20 States have ratified it thus far. They further expressed their general satisfaction at the progress of establishing the international verification system thus far. They realised, the continued commitment of all State signatories, especially the Nuclear Weapon States, to nuclear disarmament would be essential. 

(Final Document, Para 69) The Heads of State or Government remained deeply concerned at strategic defence doctrines that set out rationales for the use of nuclear weapons. They remained deeply concerned over the "Alliance Strategic Concept" adopted by North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in April 1999, which not only maintain unjustifiable concepts on international security based on promoting and developing military alliances and policies of nuclear deterrence, but also includes new elements aimed at opening even more the scope for possible use or threat of use of force by NATO. 

(Final Document, Para 70) In the context of the Nuclear Posture Review that has been undertaken by the United States of America, the Heads of State or Government expressed serious concern that the development of new types of nuclear weapons are being considered and reiterated that the provision for the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons against Non-Nuclear Weapon States is in contravention of the negative security assurances that have been provided by the Nuclear Weapons States. They restated that the development of new types of nuclear weapons is in contravention with the assurances provided by the Nuclear Weapons States at the time of the conclusion of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty that the Treaty would prevent the improvement of existing nuclear weapons and development of new types of nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 71) The Heads of State or Government reiterated their principled positions on nuclear disarmament and the related issue of nuclear non-proliferation. They also reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of progress towards nuclear disarmament which remains their highest priority. They also expressed their concern about the lack of progress by the Nuclear Weapon States to accomplish the elimination of their arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament. They stressed their concern at the threat to humanity derived from the continued existence of nuclear weapons and of their possible use or threat of use. The Heads of State or Government underscored the need to accomplish the total elimination of nuclear weapons and emphasised, in this regard, the urgent need to commence negotiations without delay. 

(Final Document, Para 79) The Heads of State or Government reiterated the Movement’s long-standing principled position for the total elimination of all nuclear testing. They stressed the significance of achieving universal adherence to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), including by all the Nuclear Weapons States, which, inter alia, should contribute to the process of nuclear disarmament. They expressed their satisfaction that 166 States have signed the Treaty and 97 States have ratified it thus far. They reiterated that if the objectives of the Treaty were to be fully realised, the continued commitment of all States signatories, especially the Nuclear Weapon States, to nuclear disarmament would be essential. 

(Final Document, Para 82) The Heads of State or Government of the States Parties to the NPT welcomed the outcome of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty. In this regard, they reiterated their call and the firm commitment by all States parties to the Treaty and called for the full implementation of the unequivocal undertaking given by the Nuclear Weapons States to the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals. They expected that this undertaking be demonstrated without delay through an accelerated process of negotiations and through the full implementation of the thirteen practical steps to advance systematically and progressively towards a nuclear-weapon-free world. Pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, they also recalled that the 2000 Review Conference in its Final Document reiterated that legally binding security assurances by the five nuclear weapons states to the non-nuclear weapon States Parties to the Treaty strengthen the nuclear nonproliferation regime. They took note of the First Preparatory meeting for the 2005 NPT Review Conference and emphasised the need for a substantive interaction beyond formal exchange of views between the States Parties at these meetings. The issues raised at the Preparatory meetings need to be addressed so as to continue strengthening the implementation of the Treaty and the undertakings agreed upon at the 2000 NPT Review Conference, and also to lay the necessary foundation for the development of recommendations at the Third Preparatory session for the 2005 Review Conference. They recalled that specific time was made available at the 2000 Review Conference and its Third Preparatory session for the discussion on and consideration of proposals on the provisions in Article VI of the NPT and in paragraphs 3 and 4 (C) of the 1995 decision on "Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament", dealing with nuclear disarmament, as well as on the Resolution on the Middle East adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference. In this context, they reaffirmed the importance to establish at the 2005 Review Conference a subsidiary body to Main Committee I to deliberate on practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to eliminate nuclear weapons, as well as a subsidiary body to Main Committee II to consider and recommend proposals on the implementation of the resolution on the Middle East adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the NPT. In this regard, they emphasised the need for Preparatory Committee meetings to continue to allocate specific time for deliberations on nuclear disarmament, implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East, and security assurances. They also welcomed the accession of Cuba to the NPT. 

(Final Document, Para 74) The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed the Movement’s principled positions on nuclear disarmament, which remains its highest priority, and on the related issue of nuclear non-proliferation in all its aspects and stressed the importance that efforts aiming at non-proliferation should be parallel to simultaneous efforts aiming at nuclear disarmament. They stressed their concern at the threat to humanity posed by the continued existence of nuclear weapons and of their possible use or threat of use. They reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of progress towards nuclear disarmament and the lack of progress by the nuclear weapons-States (NWS) to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals. They underscored the need for the NWS to implement the unequivocal undertaking that they provided in 2000 so as toaccomplish the total elimination of nuclear weapons and emphasised, in this regard, the urgent need to commence negotiations without delay. 

(Final Document, Para 75) The Heads of State or Government remained deeply concerned at strategic defence doctrines of NWS, including the “NATO Alliance Strategic Concept”, which not only set out rationales for the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, but also maintain unjustifiable concepts on international security based on promoting and developing military alliances and nuclear deterrence policies. 

(Final Document, Para 83) The Heads of State or Government stressed the significance of achieving universal adherence to the CTBT, including by all NWS, which, inter alia, should contribute to the process of nuclear disarmament. They reiterated that if the objectives of the Treaty were to be fully realised, the continued commitment of all States signatories, especially the NWS, to nuclear disarmament would be essential. 

(Final Document, Para 84) The Heads of State or Government, while noting the entry into force of the 2002 Moscow Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States, stressed that reductions in deployments and in operational status cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons, and called on the United States and the Russian Federation to apply the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to further reduce their nuclear arsenals, both warheads and delivery systems, under the Treaty. 

(Final Document, Para 92) The Heads of State or Government of the States Parties to the NPT, while reaffirming the package of agreements of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the NPT and the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the NPT, expressed their disappointment at the inability of the 2005 Review Conference of the NPT to agree on substantive recommendations. They reiterated their call for the firm commitment by all States parties to the Treaty to the implementation of all the provisions of the Treaty and called for the full implementation of the 13 practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to implement Article VI of the Treaty, particularly an unequivocal undertaking by the NWS to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament. Pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, they also recalled that the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the NPT reiterated that legally binding security assurances by the five NWS to the non-NWS parties to the Treaty strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime. They underlined the importance to establish subsidiary bodies to the relevant Main Committees of the 2010 Review Conference of the NPT to deliberate on practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to eliminate nuclear weapons; to consider and recommend proposals on the implementation of the resolution on the Middle East adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the NPT; and to consider security assurances. In this regard, they emphasised the need for the Preparatory Committee meetings to continue to allocate specific time for deliberations on nuclear disarmament, implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East and security assurances. They recalled the agreement that the Review Conference will be chaired by a representative from the Movement. 

(Final Document, Para 106) The Heads of State and Government reaffirmed the Movement’s principled positions on nuclear disarmament, which remains its highest priority, and on the related issue of nuclear non-proliferation in all its aspects and stressed the importance that efforts aiming at nuclear non-proliferation should be parallel to simultaneous efforts aiming at nuclear disarmament. They stressed their concern at the threat to humanity posed by the continued existence of nuclear weapons and of their possible use or threat of use. They reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of progress towards nuclear disarmament and the lack of progress by the Nuclear Weapons-States (NWS) to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals. They underscored the need for the NWS to implement the unequivocal undertaking that they provided in 2000 so as toaccomplish the total elimination of nuclear weapons and emphasized, in this regard, the urgent need to commence negotiations on nuclear disarmament without delay. 

(Final Document, Para 107) The Heads of State and Government, while noting the recent statements by NWS of their intention to pursue actions in achieving a world free of nuclear weapons, reaffirmed the need for urgent concrete actions by the NWS to achieve this goal. 

(Final Document, Para 109) The Heads of State and Government reiterated that improvements in existing nuclear weapons and the development of new types of nuclear weapons as envisaged in the United States Nuclear Posture Review contravene the security assurances provided by the NWS. They further reaffirmed that these improvements as well as the development of new types of such weapons violate the commitments undertaken by the NWS at the time of the conclusion of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). 

(Final Document, Para 117) The Heads of State and Government stressed the significance of achieving universal adherence to the CTBT, including by all NWS, which, inter alia, should contribute to the process of nuclear disarmament. They reiterated that if the objectives of the Treaty were to be fully realized, the continued commitment of all States signatories, especially the NWS, to nuclear disarmament would be essential. 

(Final Document, Para 118) The Heads of State and Government, while noting the entry into force of the 2002 Moscow Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States, stressed that reductions in deployments and in operational status cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons, and called on the United States and the Russian Federation to apply the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to further reduce their nuclear arsenals, both warheads and delivery systems, under the Treaty. While taking note of the positive signals by the United States and the Russian Federation on their negotiations on the replacement of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), which is due to expire by the end of 2009, the Heads of State and Government urged them to conclude such negotiations urgently in order to achieve further deep cuts in their strategic and tactical nuclear weapons. The Heads of State and Government further stressed that such cuts should be irreversible, verifiable and transparent. 

(Final Document, Para 128) The Heads of State and Government of the States Parties to the NPT, while reaffirming the package of agreements of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the NPT and the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the NPT, reiterated their disappointment at the inability of the 2005 Review Conference of the NPT to agree on substantive recommendations. While recognizing the crucial role of the NPT in nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, the Heads of State and Government of the States Parties to the NPT agreed to make every effort to reach a successful outcome at the 2010 Review Conference of the NPT and called upon nuclear weapon States, to reiterate their full respect to their obligations under the Treaty, in particular in the area of nuclear disarmament, and the outcomes of its Review Conferences, in particular the 1995 Review and Extension Conference and the 2000 Review Conference and undertake practical measures thereto in order to arrive at a successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference. 

Final Document, Para 129) The Heads of State and Government of the States Parties to the NPT reiterated their call for the firm commitment by all States parties to the Treaty to the implementation of all the provisions of the Treaty and called for the full implementation of the 13 practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to implement Article VI of the Treaty, particularly an unequivocal undertaking by the NWS to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament. Pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, they also recalled that the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the NPT reiterated that legally binding security assurances by the five NWS to the non-NWS parties to the Treaty strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime. They underlined the importance to establish subsidiary bodies to the relevant Main Committees of the 2010 Review Conference of the NPT to deliberate on practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to eliminate nuclear weapons; to consider and recommend proposals on the implementation of the resolution on the Middle East adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the NPT; and to consider and adopt a legally binding international instrument on unconditional security assurances to non nuclear weapon states. In this regard, they emphasized the need for the Preparatory Committee meetings to continue to allocate specific time for deliberations on nuclear disarmament, implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East and security assurances. They recalled the agreement that the Review Conference will be chaired by a representative from the Movement. 

(Final Document, Para 136) The Ministers reaffirmed the Movement’s principled positions on nuclear disarmament, which remains its highest priority, and on the related issue of nuclear non-proliferation in all its aspects and stressed the importance that efforts aiming at nuclear non-proliferation should be parallel to simultaneous efforts aiming at nuclear disarmament. They stressed their concern at the threat to humanity posed by the continued existence of nuclear weapons and of their possible use or threat of use. They reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of progress towards nuclear disarmament and the lack of progress by the Nuclear-Weapon States (NWS) to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with their relevant multilateral legal obligations. They underscored the need for the NWS to implement the unequivocal undertaking that they provided in 2000 and further reiterated in 2010 so as toaccomplish the total elimination of nuclear weapons, and emphasized, in this regard, the urgent need to commence negotiations on comprehensive and complete nuclear disarmament without delay. 

(Final Document, Para 137) The Ministers, while noting the recent statements by NWS of their intention to pursue actions in achieving a world free of nuclear weapons, reaffirmed the need for urgent concrete actions by the NWS to achieve this goal in accordance with their nuclear disarmament legal obligations. 

(Final Document, Para 139) The Ministers reiterated that improvements in existing nuclear weapons and the development of new types of nuclear weapons as envisaged in the United States Nuclear Posture Review contravene the security assurances provided by the NWS. They further reaffirmed that these improvements as well as the development of new types of such weaponsviolate the commitments undertaken by the NWS at the time of the conclusion of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). 

(Final Document, Para 140) The Ministers emphasized that progress in nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation in all its aspects is essential to strengthening international peace and security. They reaffirmed that efforts toward nuclear disarmament, global and regional approaches and confidence building measures complement each other and should, wherever possible, be pursued simultaneously to promote regional and international peace and security. In this context, they stressed that nuclear disarmament, as the highest priority established by SSODI and as a multilateral legal obligation, should not be made conditional on confidence building measures or other disarmament efforts. 

(Final Document, Para 149) The Ministers stressed the significance of achieving universal adherence to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), including by all NWS, which, inter alia, should contribute to the process of nuclear disarmament. They reiterated that if the objectives of the Treaty were to be fully realized, the continued commitment of all States signatories, especially the NWS, to nuclear disarmament would be essential. 

(Final Document, Para 151) The Ministers, while noting the conclusion of the New START Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States, stressed that reductions in deployments and in operational status cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons. In this context they called on the United States and the Russian Federation to apply the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to such cuts, to further reduce their nuclear arsenals, both warheads and delivery systems, thus contributing to the fulfilment of their nuclear disarmament obligations and facilitating the realisation of a world free of nuclear weapons at an earliest date. 

(Final Document, Para 152) The Ministers agreed that there remains an ever growing and most pressing need for concrete actions by Nuclear-Weapon States, to take further substantive and practical measures urgently, according to their multilaterally agreed commitments, to attain the goal of complete nuclear disarmament within a specified framework of time. 

(Final Document, Para 169) The Ministers of States Parties to the NPT reiterated their call for the firm commitment by all States Parties to the Treaty to the implementation of all the provisions of the Treaty and called for the full implementation of the 13 practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to implement Article VI of the Treaty, particularly an unequivocal undertaking by the NWS to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament. Pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, they also recalled that the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the NPT reiterated that legally binding security assurances by the five NWS to the non-NWS parties to the Treaty would strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime. They underlined the agreement by consensus at the 2010 Review Conference of the NPT on practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to eliminate nuclear weapons; the implementation of the resolution on the Middle East adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the NPT; and on a legally binding international instrument on unconditional security assurances to non nuclear weapon states. 

(Final Document, Para 169) The Heads of State or Government reiterated their deep concern over the slow pace of progress towards nuclear disarmament and the lack of progress by the Nuclear-Weapon States (NWS) to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with their relevant multilateral legal obligations. They reaffirmed the importance of the unanimous conclusion of the ICJ that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and to bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control. They called upon the NWS to fulfill their multilateral legal obligations on nuclear disarmament and to implement the unequivocal undertaking they provided in 2000 and further reiterated in 2010 so as to accomplish the total elimination of nuclear weapons. They emphasized, in this regard, the urgent need to commence and to bring to a conclusion negotiations on comprehensive and complete nuclear disarmament without any further delay. 

(Final Document, Para 171) The Heads of State or Government, while noting the statements by NWS of their intention to pursue actions in achieving a world free of nuclear weapons, reaffirmed the need for urgent concrete actions by the NWS to achieve this goal in accordance with their nuclear disarmament legal obligations and commitments. They reaffirmed the importance of the application of the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability by NWS in all measures related to the fulfillment of their nuclear disarmament obligations. 

(Final Document, Para 173) The Heads of State or Government reiterated, with concern, that improvements in existing nuclear weapons and the development of new types of nuclear weapons as provided for in the military doctrines of some NWS, including the United States Nuclear Posture Review, violate their legal obligations on nuclear disarmament, as well as the commitments made to diminish the role of nuclear weapons in their military and security policies and contravene the negative security assurances provided by the NWS. They stressed once again that these improvements as well as the development of new types of such weapons violate also the commitments undertaken at the time of the conclusion of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) and at the NPT Review Conferences by the NWS. 

(Final Document, Para 186) The Heads of State or Government stressed the significance of achieving universal adherence to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, including by all NWS, which, inter alia, should contribute to the process of nuclear disarmament. They reiterated that if the objectives of the Treaty were to be fully realized, the continued commitment of all States signatories, especially the NWS, to nuclear disarmament would be essential. In this context, the ratification of the CTBT by Angola, Brunei Darussalam, Chad, Guinea-Bissau, Iraq, Congo and Niue was welcomed. In this regard, they also welcomed the adoption of a “Special Declaration on the 20 Years of the opening for signature of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty” during the Summit of Heads of State and Government of CELAC, held in Quito, Ecuador, the 27th January 2016. 

(Final Document, Para 187) The Heads of State or Government, while noting the conclusion and entry into force of the New START Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States, stressed that reductions in deployments and in operational status, although they may contribute to risk reduction, cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons. In this context they called on the United States and the Russian Federation to apply the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to such cuts, to further reduce their nuclear arsenals, both warheads and delivery systems, thus contributing to the fulfillment of their nuclear disarmament obligations and facilitating the realization of a world free of nuclear weapons at the earliest date. 

(Final Document, Para 202) The Heads of State or Government of NAM States Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), while reaffirming the package of agreements of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the NPT and the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the NPT, and recognizing the crucial role of the NPT in nuclear disarmament, nuclear non- proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, were of the view that the “Conclusions and Recommendations for Follow-on actions” of the 2010 Review Conference of the NPT, represent an outcome that can be built upon and further enhanced in the near future, to fully address the priorities of the Movement, in particular to realise a world free from nuclear weapons. They called upon NWS to implement fully and effectively their obligations under the Treaty, in particular in the area of nuclear disarmament, and the outcomes of its Review Conferences, in particular the 1995 Review and Extension Conference, the 2000 Review Conference and the 2010 Review Conference. 

(Final Document, Para 208) The Heads of State or Government of NAM States Parties to the NPT reiterated their call for the firm commitment by all States Parties to the Treaty to the full and indiscriminate implementation of all the provisions of the Treaty. They further called for the full implementation of the 13 practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to implement Article VI of the Treaty, particularly an unequivocal undertaking by the NWS to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament. Pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons, they underlined the agreement by consensus at the 2010 Review Conference of the NPT, which reaffirmed the previous agreements, on practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to eliminate nuclear weapons; the implementation of the resolution on the Middle East adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the NPT; and on providing effective, unconditional and non- discriminatory universal legally binding security assurances to all NNWS parties to the Treaty, which would strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime.