(Final Document, Para 2) The Conference notes with concern that the continuing arms race and the tremendous advances that have been made in the production of weapons of mass destruction and their stockpiling threaten the world with armed conflict and annihilation. The Conference urges the great Powers to take new and urgent steps towards achieving general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control. 

(Final Document, Para 6) The practice of interfering in the internal affairs of other states, and the recourse to political and economic pressure, threats of force and subversion are acquiring alarming proportions and dangerous frequency. Wars of aggression are raging in the Middle East and in Indo-China and are being prolonged in South Vietnam and have been extended to Cambodia. The presence of foreign forces in Korea is posing a threat to national independence and to international peace and security. The continued oppression and subjugation of the African peoples in Southern Africa by the racist and colonial minority regimes, apart from being a blot on the conscience of mankind, poses a serious threat to international peace and security. This situation is becoming dangerously explosive as a result of the collusion between certain developed countries of the West and the racist minority regimes in that part of the world. The continuing arms race is causing alarm and concern; it is rendering the possibility of a nuclear detente extremely precarious and is serving as a spur to limited wars. The balance of terror between the superpowers has not brought peace and security to the rest of the world. There are, however, welcome signs of a growing detente between the power blocs but the abatement of the cold war has not yet resulted in the disintegration of the military blocs formed in the context of great power conflicts. 

(Final Document, Para 12) The Conference declares that the following continue to be the aims of non-alignment: the pursuit of world peace and peaceful co-existence by strengthening the role of non-aligned countries within the United Nations so that it will be a more effective instrument against all forms of aggressive action and the threat or use of force against the freedom, independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of any country; the fight against colonialism and racialism which are a negation of human equality and dignity; the settlement of disputes by peaceful means; the ending of the arms race followed by universal disarmament; opposition to great power military alliances and pacts; opposition to the establishment of foreign military bases and foreign troops on the soil of other nations in the context of great power conflicts and colonial and racist suppression; the universality of, and the strengthening of the efficacy of the United Nations; and the struggle for economic independence and mutual co-operation on a basis of equality and mutual benefit. What is needed is not redefinition of non-alignment but a rededication by all non-aligned nations to its central aims and objectives. 

(Final Document, Para 136) The Conference declared that the arms race is inconsistent with efforts aimed at achieving the New International Economic Order in view of the urgent need to divert the resources utilized for the acceleration of the arms race towards socio-economic development, particularly of the developing countries. 

(Final Document, Para 219) The Conference noted with concern the continuation of the arms race, mainly by the nuclear-weapon States, in particular the nuclear arms race and the development, manufacture and increased stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction. The Conference recognized, as was noted at the First Summit Conference in Belgrade, the special role and responsibility of the great Powers in halting and reversing the arms race and expressed its confidence that peace and security on a lasting basis could only be ensured by halting this process and through immediate and resolute implementation of disarmament measures with a view to achieving general and complete disarmament. The Conference declared that the most effective assurance of security against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons is nuclear disarmament and prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons. The nuclear-weapon States must refrain from any activity in the nuclear field which would jeopardize the security and well-being of the peoples of non-nuclear-weapon States. The Conference noted with satisfaction that proposals on this subject have been submitted in the Committee on Disarmament and that there is no objection in principle in the Committee to an international convention to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. The Conference welcomed the establishment of a Working Group to negotiate such a convention. The Conference recommended that negotiations should be continued at the next session of the Committee on Disarmament to elaborate a convention on this subject. 

(Final Document, Para 225) The Conference noted that the arms race is incompatible with and contrary to the efforts directed to the establishment of the New International Economic Order. It underscored again that increasing aerial and human potentials were being wasted through investment in armaments, which considerably diminishes the availability of resources indispensable for development. The Conference again urged the immediate reduction of expenditures for armaments, especially by the nuclear-weapon States and their allies, and called for concrete measures of disarmament the implementation of which would progressively enable a significant portion of the resources so diverted to be used for social and economic needs, particularly those of developing countries. 

(Final Document, Para 28) The Heads of State or Government consider that the greatest peril facing the world today is the threat to the survival of mankind from a nuclear war. Disarmament, in particular nuclear disarmament, is no longer a moral issue; it is an issue of human survival. Yet the renewed escalation in the nuclear arms race, both in its quantitative and qualitative dimension, as well as reliance on doctrines of nuclear deterrence, has heightened the risk of the outbreak of nuclear war and led to greater insecurity and instability in international relations. Nuclear weapons are more than weapons of war. They are instruments of mass annihilation. The Heads of State or Government therefore find it unacceptable that the security of all States and the very survival of mankind should be held hostage to the security interests of a handful of nuclear-weapon States. Measures for the prevention of nuclear war and of nuclear disarmament must take into account the security interests of nuclear-weapon and non-nuclear-weapon States alike and ensure that the survival of mankind is not endangered. They rejected all theories and concepts pertaining to the possession of nuclear weapons and their use under any circumstances. 

(Final Document, Para 29) The qualitative development of conventional weapons adds a new dimension to the arms race, especially among States possessing the largest military arsenals. New generations of nuclear weapons and chemical weapons with increased lethality and greater accuracy are being deployed and there is increasing danger of the extension of the arms race into outer space. All these developments have greatly aggravated the dangers to the survival of human civilization. 

(Final Document, Para 30) The Heads of State or Government reiterated their conviction that international peace and security can only be ensured through general and complete disarmament, in particular nuclear disarmament, under effective international control. In order to prevent effectively the horizontal and vertical proliferation of nuclear weapons, nuclear-weapon States should adopt urgent measures for halting and reversing the nuclear arms race. Pending the achievement of nuclear disarmament, the Heads of State or Government, in the name of humanity, demanded an immediate prohibition of the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons by all nuclear-weapon States. They further called for a freeze on the development, production, stockpiling and deployment of nuclear weapons and the speedy finalization of a comprehensive treaty banning the testing of nuclear weapons. They also reiterated that the nuclear-weapon States have an obligation to guarantee that non-nuclear-weapon States will not be threatened or attacked with nuclear weapons. The Heads of State or Government recommended that negotiations should proceed without delay for the conclusion of an agreed international instrument on effective international arrangements to insure all non-nuclear-weapon States, without any discrimination, against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 32) The Heads of State or Government therefore noted with grave concern the continuing escalation in the arms race, especially in nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, despite the fact that this increases the risk of nuclear war and endangers the survival of humanity. They reiterated their view that the greatest peril facing the world is the threat to survival of humanity posed by the existence of nuclear weapons. Since annihilation need to happen only once, removing the threat of nuclear catastrophe is not one issue among many, but the most acute and urgent task of the present day. The Heads of State or Government therefore emphasized the extreme urgency of adopting immediate measures for the prevention of nuclear war and for nuclear disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 34) The Heads of State or Government expressed deep concern at the rapid acceleration of the arms race, in particular with regard to nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. They were especially concerned that newly-emerging technologies were producing a new generation of weapons of mass destruction, both nuclear and non-nuclear whose effects were so similar as to obscure the distinction between nuclear and conventional weapons and thus legitimize the possession of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction. In the same vein, new technologies are being applied in preparation for the development of new weapons and weapons systems in outer space, adding a new dimension of grave import to the arms race. 

(Final Document, Para 36) The Heads of State or Government expressed deep concern at the preparations under way for the extension of the arms race in all its aspects into outer space. They strongly reaffirmed the principle that outer space, which is the common heritage of mankind, should be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and for the benefit and in the interest of all countries, regardless of their level of economic or scientific development, and that it should be open to all States. 

(Final Document, Para 37) They recalled the obligation of all States to refrain from the threat or use of force in their other space activities. They reiterated their view that the universally accepted objective of general and complete disarmament under effective international control demands that outer space should not be transformed into an area for pursuing the arms race. They therefore called on the Conference on Disarmament to commence negotiations urgently to conclude an agreement or agreements, as appropriate, to prevent the extension of the arms race in all its aspects into outer space and thus enhance the prospects of co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space. In particular, they stressed the urgency of halting the development of anti-satellite weapons, the dismantling of the existing systems, the prohibition of the introduction of new weapon systems into outer space and of ensuring that the existing treaties safeguarding the peaceful uses of other space, as well as the 1972 Treaty on the Limitation of Antiballistic Missile Systems are fully honoured, strengthened and extended as necessary in light of recent technological advances. The Heads of State or Government invited the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Conference on Disarmament to explore the ways and means of bringing satellites for military purposes under international control, particularly when it puts at stake the security of non-aligned countries. 

(Final Document, Para 38) The Heads of State or Government called upon all States, in particular those with major space capabilities, to adhere strictly to the existing legal restrictions and limitations on space weapons, including those contained in the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (General Assembly resolution 2222 (XXI), annex) and the 1972 Soviet Union-United States Treaty on Antiballistic Missiles, and to refrain from taking any measures aimed at developing, testing or deploying weapons and weapons systems in outer space. Simultaneously, negotiations should be undertaken urgently with a view to concluding an agreement or agreements preventing the extension of the arms race into this area. Measures aimed at developing, testing or deploying weapons and weapons systems in outer space could, through a constant chain of action and reaction, lead to an escalation of the arms race in both “offensive” and “defensive” weapons, thus making the outbreak of nuclear conflict more likely. Such a situation would not only result in a quantum leap in the level of resources expended on armaments, but would also frustrate the efforts currently under way to achieve disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 39) The Heads of State or Government noted that in their join statement issued in Geneva in November 1985, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the President of the United States of America agreed to speed up bilateral United States-Soviet negotiations on arms limitations with the declared objective of working out “effective agreements aimed at preventing an arms race in space and terminating it on Earth with the ultimate goal of achieving the complete elimination of nuclear arsenals everywhere”. In this regard, the Heads of State or Government called upon the leaders of the two countries to pursue without delay and in a spirit of goodwill the objectives they set themselves at Geneva, and urged that an early agreement be reached in these negotiations to refrain from extending the arms race to outer space and simultaneously to effect drastic reductions in their existing nuclear arsenals. 

(Final Document, Para 44) A comprehensive test ban, which has been pursued for the past 25 years, is a matter of the highest priority for non-aligned countries. A ban on all nuclear-weapon tests would de-escalate the nuclear arms race and greatly reduce the risk of nuclear war. The continuance of nuclear-weapon testing fuels the nuclear arms race and increases the danger of nuclear war. In this regard, the Heads of State or Government emphasized the pressing need to negotiate and conclude a comprehensive multilateral nuclear test-ban treaty prohibiting all nuclear-weapon tests by all States in all environments for all time. The existing means of verification are adequate to ensure compliance with a nuclear test ban. Assertions about the absence of means of verification should not be used as an excuse for the further development and refinement of nuclear weapons. The Heads of State or Government deplored the fact that, owing to the persistent obstruction of a few States, the Conference on Disarmament had been unable to embark upon the multilateral negotiations for a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, the cessation of the nuclear arms race, and nuclear disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 47) The Heads of State or Government reiterated that the use of nuclear weapons, besides being a violation of the Charter of the United Nations, would also be a crime against humanity. In this regard, they urged nuclear-weapon States to agree, pending the achievement of nuclear disarmament, to the conclusion of an international treaty on the prohibition of the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. They considered an important step in this direction to be the early entry of all nuclear-weapon States into an internationally-binding commitment not to be the first to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons. They called for a freeze on the development, production, stock-piling and deployment of nuclear weapons. The freeze of nuclear weapons should, inter alia, provide for the simultaneous stoppage and discontinuance of any further production of nuclear weapons and for a complete cut-off of the production of fissionable material for weapons purposes. 

(Final Document, Para 48) The Movement noted with satisfaction the initiative taken by the Heads of State or Government of Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden and the United Republic of Tanzania in their joint declarations of 22 May 1984, 28 January 1985 and 7 August 1986, in which they called upon the nuclear-weapon States to halt all testing, production and deployment of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems, to be followed by substantial reductions in their nuclear forces. The six leaders had further urged that this reduction be followed by a continuing programme of reduction of armaments leading to general and complete disarmament and should be accompanied by measures to strengthen the United Nations system and to effect the urgently needed transfer of substantial resources from the arms race to social and economic development. The Delhi Declaration of 28 January 1985 had specified two steps which required special and urgent attention: the prevention of an arms race in outer space and the early conclusion of a comprehensive test-ban treaty. The Mexico Declaration of 7 August 1986 reiterated the need to adopt these measures. In addition, it urged the leaders of the United States of America and the Soviet Union to continue and re-invigorate the dialogue which they started last year, to set a firm date for a new meeting between them, and by an approach of mutual compromise and conciliation to ensure that such dialogue leads to practical results in the field of disarmament. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that these actions were in conformity with the basic approach of the non-aligned countries and showed the relevance of the principles of non-alignment and the positions of non-aligned countries for the international community at large. 

(Final Document, Para 53) The Heads of State or Government noted with deep concern that the qualitative development of conventional weapons adds a new dimension to the arms race, especially among States possessing the largest conventional arsenals. They urged these States to restrain such development. They emphasized that, together with negotiations on nuclear disarmament, measures for the limitation and gradual reduction of armed forces and conventional weapons should be pursued resolutely within the framework of progress towards general and complete disarmament. States with the largest military arsenals have a special responsibility in this regard. The adoption of such disarmament measures should take place in an equitable and balanced manner in order to ensure the right of each State to security, and that no individual State or group of States may obtain advantages over others at any stage. At each stage, the objective should be undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments and armed forces. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that the adoption of disarmament measures should be based on full respect for the principles of non-intervention, non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and the peaceful solution of disputed in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. 

(Final Document, Para 57) The Heads of State or Government underlined the central role and primary responsibility of the United Nations in the field of disarmament. They stressed that all the peoples of the world have a vital interest in disarmament negotiations, the right to participate on an equal footing in disarmament negotiations affecting national security, and an inherent right to contribute to their success. Bilateral and multilateral negotiations on disarmament should mutually facilitate and complement, and not hinder or preclude, each other. The Conference on Disarmament should therefore be kept informed of all developments in bilateral negotiations, and it should be enabled to fulfil its mandate as the sole, multilateral negotiating body in the field of disarmament and to adopt concrete measures of disarmament, in particular measures for nuclear disarmament and for the prevention of an arms race in outer space. 

(Final Document, Para 58) The Heads of State or Government noted with satisfaction the present world-wide campaign against the nuclear arms race. They expressed their conviction that such movements can play an influential role in promoting nuclear disarmament and preventing nuclear catastrophe. They emphasized the extreme importance of encouraging and rendering all possible assistance to that process. In this connection, the Heads of State or Government reaffirmed the three objectives of the World Disarmament Campaign, namely, to inform, to educate and to develop public understanding of the support for United Nations objectives in the field of disarmament. They reaffirmed the need to strengthen the role of regional bodies in mobilizing support for this campaign and the realization of its objectives. In this context, the Heads of State or Government welcomed the establishment at Lome, Togo, of the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa. They further welcomed the offer of the Government of Peru to establish in Lima a Regional Centre for Disarmament, Security, Peace and Development with the responsibility of disseminating in Latin America the objectives of the United Nations in the field of disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 60) The Heads of State or Government regretted that it had not been possible to convene an International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development in Paris in July 1986. They emphasized the importance of the Conference as marking the beginning of an intensive consideration of these problems by the entire international community and expressed the hope that the forty-first session of the United Nations General Assembly would take a decision on the dates and venue of the Conference in accordance with the decision of the resumed fortieth session of the General Assembly to convene it in 1987. They considered the Conference an urgent necessity for the appropriate and timely examination of the adverse consequences of steadily increasing arms expenditure on the global economy. They urged all States to participate in it at a high level and contribute to its success. It was essential that a remedy be found for the existing situation, in which hundreds of billions of dollars are spent annually on weapons while two-thirds of the world’s population lives in poverty and in some cases, misery. They attached particular importance to the Conference coming out with specific recommendations on the ways and means of releasing additional resources through disarmament measures for development purposes, in particular for the benefit of the developing countries. Expressing the conviction that the economic and social consequences of the arms race militate against the creation of the new international economic order, the Heads of State or Government declared that lasting peace could only be assured through a restructuring of the world economy with the objective of establishing the New Order and bridging the economic gap between developing and developed countries. The Heads of State or Government called for a demonstration of greater political will by the developed countries for the attainment of this end. 

(Final Document, Para 5) The Heads of State or Government underlined in particular that general and complete disarmament under effective international control is by its very nature unattainable unless all countries joined in its implementation. They stressed that the use of nuclear weapons could lead to the extinction of human life on earth. Since nuclear war threatens the very right to live, all nations have an equal stake in preventing it. They were of the view that the on-going process of disarmament could be quickened and its coverage widened through the common endeavour of the entire international community. Clearly, the disarmament process cannot be carried out without a contribution by all States and especially by the Great Powers and their military alliances, which have the greatest responsibility in that regard. The Heads of State or Government expressed the firm resolve of their countries to continue to constructively encourage disarmament. They stressed that the strengthening of international security through disarmament and restraints of the qualitative and quantitative escalation of arms race, remains one of the most significant objectives and motives of the Movement’s constant commitment. Proceeding from the view that disarmament is a component of detente and security, including the national security of Non-Aligned Countries as a group and each of them individually, they stressed that the policy and practice of non-alignment stands for disarmament as the most tangible form of negation of military might and the use of force in international relations. 

(Final Document, Para 6) The Heads of State or Government were convinced that their countries must participate actively in any process designed to achieve general and complete disarmament. As a means of avoiding wasteful expenditures on armaments and contributing to peace and security, they undertook to contribute to disarmament and to halting and reversing the arms race. 

(Final Document, Para 9) The Heads of State or Government, however, noted that while the overall international climate is positive, there is still much to be done to halt the arms race. Even if the current goals in East-West arms negotiations are achieved, the two blocs will retain significant nuclear and conventional arsenals. They emphasized the extreme urgency of adopting measures for achieving nuclear disarmament through a time-bound program for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons. Meanwhile, they reiterated the need for non-nuclear weapons states to be assured against the use or treat of use of nuclear weapons, and urged for the early conclusion of an international agreement for this purpose. In addition, they stressed the need for the conclusion of an international agreement prohibiting all use of nuclear weapons under any circumstances. They reiterated the urgency of preventing the arms race in outer space, which should be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. They further stressed the importance of naval disarmament. They also underlined the need to prevent the arms race in its qualitative aspects. 

(Final Document, Para 11) The Heads of State or Government noted that this Summit is taking place a year before the 4th Review Conference of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and called on the three depositary states of NPT to be forthcoming on nuclear disarmament matters. For the credibility of the NPT regime, these States should fulfill their obligations by agreeing to negotiate a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty which is absolutely essential for the preservation of the Non-Proliferation regime embodied in the NPT. Nuclear-weapon states have a responsibility to assure all non-nuclear weapon states, whether parties or non-parties of NPT, against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons by concluding an Agreement to this effect. They, however, remained convinced that the most effective measure to assure non-nuclear weapon states against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons is complete cessation of nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 14) They pointed out that the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, the singe multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, is the confirmation of the view of the international community that disarmament cannot be left exclusively to the most powerful. They, however, noted with regret that the Conference has still not submitted to the UN General Assembly any draft agreement on questions being negotiated in Geneva. They felt in particular that there was no justification for further postponing the initiation of substantive negotiations on all issues related to nuclear disarmament and on preventing the arms race in outer space. Furthermore, they reaffirmed that multilateral and bilateral negotiations should complement each other. They expressed their hope that the decision to expand the membership of the Conference on Disarmament would be implemented soon. 

(Final Document, Para 20) The Heads of State or Government acknowledged the negative implications for international peace of arms supplies in the areas of tension, particularly illegal arms trafficking, a phenomenon that further aggravates tensions, undermines internal security in some States and regional security and strengthens forces opposed to the disarmament process. The issue of international arms transfers should be addressed in conjunction with the question of reducing international tensions, enhancing confidence, promoting the peaceful settlement of conflict, checking the arms race and realizing disarmament under effective international control. 

(Final Document, Para 26) The Heads of State or Government wished to stress that the world has a rare opportunity to expand and strengthen the positive aspects of present-day international relations. They felt that the prospects for disarmament need to be widened in scope and provide for all the members of the United Nations to participate in and accelerate the initiated process. They stressed in particular that the world of today necessitates realistic and constructive universal action. They declared that the time has come for the arms race to be replaced by competition in furthering common objectives which carry the promise of a safer future for all. 

(Final Document, Para 44) The Heads of State or Government also welcomed the broadening and deepening of the dimensions of disarmaments. Far from the mere regulation of armaments and the arms race, agreements now include the destruction of existing arsenals, as well as limiting future production.They also noted with satisfaction the decisive progress achieved in the complex field of verification and in the on-site inspection provisions which are now included to ensure compliance with agreements. In this context, they called for the establishment of a multilateral satellite verification system under the auspices of the United Nations to facilitate such processes on a secure and permanent basis which would ensure equal access to information for all States. 

(Final Document, Para 45) Despite the end of the cold war and East-West confrontation, the Heads of State or Government deplored the lack of progress on measures to provide assurances to all non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. Strategic doctrines continue to cast their shadow across the globe, while the world is still threatened by existing nuclear arsenals, which are being further refined and increased. They warned that while many other contentious issues still remain unresolved, continuing insistence to promote anti-missile defences and other weapon systems is fraught with potentially disastrous consequences including the extension of the arms race to outer space and will increase the North-South divide further. 

(Final Document, Para 47) They called upon all States to give priority to negotiations on the other items on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament, such as a Nuclear Test Ban, cessation of the nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament, prevention of nuclear war, security assurances for all non-nuclear weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and measures for the prevention of an arms race in outer space. They emphasized the need to reinvigorate multilateral disarmament endeavoursand in this context called for the enlargement and broader participation of NAM countries in the Conference on Disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 82) Matters related to disarmament, arms limitation and control and international security have acquired a totally new dimension with the disappearance of the East-West confrontation. Nuclear deterrent scenarios of the past are no longer relevant. In the post-Cold War era there is no justification whatsoever, if there was ever any, to maintain nuclear arsenals and much less to add new ones as a continuation of the arms race. The time has come for the entire stockpiles of these deadly weapons of mass destruction to be destroyed once and for all. The non-proliferation regime will not be successful without a clear perspective on nuclear disarmament. They called for a renunciation of strategic doctrines based upon the use of nuclear weapons and called for the adoption of an action plan for elimination of all nuclear weapons, within a time-bound framework. They reiterated their belief that general and complete disarmament under effective international control remains the ultimate objective to be achieved for which a comprehensive, non-discriminatory and balanced approach towards international security should be adopted. 

(Final Document, Para 109) The Heads of State or Government reiterated their concern over the fact that the arms race absorbs an important proportion of human, financial, material and technological resources in today’s world, imposes a heavy burden on the economies of all countries, in particular Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries, and affects international trade, financial and technological flows. Furthermore, they expressed concern over the dramatic contrast between world military expenditures and the impact of underdevelopment, with its sequel of misery and poverty affecting more than two thirds of humankind. The Heads of State or Government urged the international community to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reduce the ever widening gap between developed and developing countries. 

(Final Document, Para 118) The Heads of State or Government commended the establishment in the Conference on Disarmament of an ad hoc committee, under agenda item 1, entitled “The cessation of the nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament”, to negotiate a convention on the prohibition of the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and believe that the proposed convention must constitute a nuclear disarmament measure and not only a non-proliferation measure, and must be an integral step leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons. The treaty should also promote international cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and should not hinder access to nuclear technology, equipment and material for peaceful purposes by developing countries. 

(Final Document, Para 77) The Heads of State or Government continued to be concerned over the negative implications of the development and deployment of anti-ballistic missile defence systems and the pursuit of advanced military technologies capable of being deployed in outer space which have, inter alia, contributed to the further erosion of an international climate conducive to the promotion of disarmament and the strengthening of international security. The abrogation of the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-ballistic Missiles (ABM) brings new challenges to strategic stability and the prevention of an arms race in outer space. They remained concerned that the implementation of a national missile defence system could trigger an arms race(s) and the further development of advanced missile systems and an increase in the number of nuclear weapons. In accordance with United Nations General Assembly Resolution 57/57, they emphasised the urgent need for the commencement of substantive work, in the Conference on Disarmament, on the prevention of an arms race in outer space. 

(Final Document, Para 85) The Heads of State or Government continued to be concerned over the negative implications of the development and deployment of anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defence systems and the pursuit of advanced military technologies capable of being deployed in outer space which have, inter alia, contributed to the further erosion of an international climate conducive to the promotion of disarmament and the strengthening of international security. The abrogation of the ABM Treaty brings new challenges to strategic stability and the prevention of the arms race in outer space. They remained concerned that the implementation of a national missile defence system could trigger an arms race(s) and the further development of advanced missile systems and an increase in the number of nuclear weapons.  

(Final Document, Para 86) The Heads of State or Government recognised the common interest of all mankind in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, andemphasised that prevention of an arms race in outer space would avert a grave danger for international peace and security. They further emphasised the paramount importance of strict compliance with existing arms limitation and disarmament agreements relevant to outer space, including bilateral agreements, and with the existing legal regime concerning the use of outer space. They also emphasised the urgent need for the commencement of substantive work in the CD on the prevention of an arms race in outer space. 

(Final Document, Para 119) The Heads of State and Government continued to be concerned over the negative implications of the development and deployment of anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defence systems and the threat of weaponization of outer space which have, inter alia, contributed to the further erosion of an international climate conducive to the promotion of disarmament and the strengthening of international security. The abrogation of the ABM Treaty brings new challenges to strategic stability and the prevention of the arms race in outer space. They remained concerned that the implementation of a national missile defence system could trigger an arms race(s) and the further development of advanced missile systems and an increase in the number of nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 153) The Ministers continued to be concerned over the negative implications of the development and deployment of anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defence systems and the threat of weaponization of outer space which have, inter alia, contributed to the further erosion of an international climate conducive to the promotion of disarmament and the strengthening of international security. The abrogation of the ABM Treaty brought new challenges to strategic stability and the prevention of the arms race in outer space. They remained seriously concerned at the negative security consequences of the deployment of strategic missile defence systems which could trigger an arms race(s) and lead to the further development of advanced missile systems and an increase in the number of nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 154) The Ministers recognized the common interest of all mankind in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, andemphasized that prevention of an arms race in outer space, including a ban to deploy or use weapons therein, would avert a grave danger for international peace and security. They further emphasized the paramount importance of strict compliance with existing arms limitation and disarmament agreements relevant to outer space, including bilateral agreements, and with the existing legal regime concerning the use of outer space. They also reemphasized the urgent need for the commencement of substantive work in the CD, inter alia, on the prevention of an arms race in outer space, taking note of the joint Russian-Chinese initiative of a draft treaty on the “Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects” (PPWT) presented in the Conference on Disarmament on 12 February 2008. They noted that this initiative is a constructive contribution to the work of the Conference, and is a good basis for further discussion toward adopting an international binding instrument. 

(Final Document, Para 188) The Heads of State or Government continued to be concerned over the negative implications of the development and deployment of anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defense systems and the threat of weaponization of outer space which have, inter alia, contributed to the further erosion of an international climate conducive to the promotion of disarmament and the strengthening of international security. The abrogation of the ABM Treaty brought new challenges to strategic stability and the prevention of an arms race in outer space. They remained seriously concerned at the negative security consequences of the deployment of strategic missile defence systems which could trigger an arms race(s) and lead to the further development of advanced missile systems and an increase in the number of nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 189) The Heads of State or Government recognized the common interest of all mankind and the inalienable, legitimate the sovereign rights of all State in the exploration and use of outer space for exclusively peaceful purposes, and reconfirmed their stand to oppose and reject any act denying or violating it and emphasized that prevention of an arms race in outer space, including a ban to deploy or use weapons therein, would avert a grave danger for international peace and security. They further emphasized the paramount importance of strict compliance with existing arms limitation and disarmament agreements relevant to outer space, including bilateral agreements, and with the existing legal regime concerning the use of outer space. They also reemphasized the urgent need for the commencement of substantive work in the CD, inter alia, on the prevention of an arms race in outer space, taking note of the joint Russian-Chinese initiative of a draft treaty on the “Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects” (PPWT) presented in the Conference on Disarmament on 12 February 2008 and in 2014. They noted that this initiative is a constructive contribution to the work of the Conference, and is a good basis for further discussion toward adopting an international legally-binding instrument. In this context, they noted the adoption of General Assembly resolution 70/27 on no first emplacement of weapons in outer space with a view to ensuring its exclusive peaceful use.