(Final Document, Para 18) The participants in the Conference urge the Great Powers to sign without further delay a treaty for general and complete disarmament in order to save mankind from the scourge of war and to release energy and resources now being spent on armaments to be used for the peaceful economic and social development of all mankind. The participating countries also consider that: (a) The non-aligned nations should be represented at all future world conferences on disarmament; (b) All discussions on disarmament should be held under the auspices of the United Nations; (c) General and complete disarmament should be guaranteed by an effective system of inspection and control, the teams of which should include members of non-aligned nations. 

(Final Document, Para 2) The Conference notes with concern that the continuing arms race and the tremendous advances that have been made in the production of weapons of mass destruction and their stockpiling threaten the world with armed conflict and annihilation. The Conference urges the great Powers to take new and urgent steps towards achieving general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control. 

(Final Document, Para 3) The Conference, regrets that despite the efforts of the members of the 18-Nation Committee on Disarmament, and in particular those of the non-aligned countries, the results have not been satisfactory. It urges the great Powers, in collaboration with the other members of that Committee, to renew their efforts with determination a view to the conclusion of an agreement on general and complete disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 7) The Conference appeals to the Great Powers to take the lead in giving effect to decisive and immediate measures which would make possible substantial reductions in their military budgets. 

(Final Document, Para 10) The Conference welcomes the agreement of the Great Powers not to orbit in outer space nuclear or other weapons of mass destruction and expresses its conviction that it is necessary to conclude an international treaty prohibiting the utilisation of outer space for military purposes. The Conference urges full international co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space. 

(Final Document, Para 5) The immediate danger of a conflict between the super powers has lessened because their tendency to negotiate for the improvement of their mutual relations is strengthening. However, it has not yet contributed to the security of the small, medium-sized and developing countries, or prevented the danger of local wars. 

(Final Document, Para 6) The practice of interfering in the internal affairs of other states, and the recourse to political and economic pressure, threats of force and subversion are acquiring alarming proportions and dangerous frequency. Wars of aggression are raging in the Middle East and in Indo-China and are being prolonged in South Vietnam and have been extended to Cambodia. The presence of foreign forces in Korea is posing a threat to national independence and to international peace and security. The continued oppression and subjugation of the African peoples in Southern Africa by the racist and colonial minority regimes, apart from being a blot on the conscience of mankind, poses a serious threat to international peace and security. This situation is becoming dangerously explosive as a result of the collusion between certain developed countries of the West and the racist minority regimes in that part of the world. The continuing arms race is causing alarm and concern; it is rendering the possibility of a nuclear detente extremely precarious and is serving as a spur to limited wars. The balance of terror between the superpowers has not brought peace and security to the rest of the world. There are, however, welcome signs of a growing detente between the power blocs but the abatement of the cold war has not yet resulted in the disintegration of the military blocs formed in the context of great power conflicts. 

(Final Document, Para 60) The non-aligned countries stress the need for the détente initiated between great powers, already hailed by the Conference of Non-Aligned Countries, to lead to the effective breaking up of the military alliances stemming from the cold war. 

(Final Document, Para 222) The Conference welcomed the signing of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the United States of America on the limitation of strategic nuclear weapons. The Conference noted with regret, however, that the agreement fell short of the expectations of the international community. It expressed the hope that the Soviet Union and the United States of America would urgently conclude a new agreement which would lead to genuine disarmament measures, particularly in the field of nuclear disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 37) The Heads of State or Government urged the major nuclear-weapon States to pursue their negotiations on arms limitation and disarmament with greater vigour. Bearing in mind the vital interest that all States have in disarmament, they urged these States to keep the United Nations informed of the progress achieved in the above-mentioned negotiations. 

(Final Document, Para 35) The Heads of State or Government were greatly perturbed by the announcement by the Government of the United States of America that it no longer considers itself bound by the provisions of the Second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II) of 1979. They urged the Government of the United States of America to reconsider its position. 

(Final Document, Para 37) They recalled the obligation of all States to refrain from the threat or use of force in their other space activities. They reiterated their view that the universally accepted objective of general and complete disarmament under effective international control demands that outer space should not be transformed into an area for pursuing the arms race. They therefore called on the Conference on Disarmament to commence negotiations urgently to conclude an agreement or agreements, as appropriate, to prevent the extension of the arms race in all its aspects into outer space and thus enhance the prospects of co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space. In particular, they stressed the urgency of halting the development of anti-satellite weapons, the dismantling of the existing systems, the prohibition of the introduction of new weapon systems into outer space and of ensuring that the existing treaties safeguarding the peaceful uses of other space, as well as the 1972 Treaty on the Limitation of Antiballistic Missile Systems are fully honoured, strengthened and extended as necessary in light of recent technological advances. The Heads of State or Government invited the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Conference on Disarmament to explore the ways and means of bringing satellites for military purposes under international control, particularly when it puts at stake the security of non-aligned countries. 

(Final Document, Para 38) The Heads of State or Government called upon all States, in particular those with major space capabilities, to adhere strictly to the existing legal restrictions and limitations on space weapons, including those contained in the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (General Assembly resolution 2222 (XXI), annex) and the 1972 Soviet Union-United States Treaty on Antiballistic Missiles, and to refrain from taking any measures aimed at developing, testing or deploying weapons and weapons systems in outer space. Simultaneously, negotiations should be undertaken urgently with a view to concluding an agreement or agreements preventing the extension of the arms race into this area. Measures aimed at developing, testing or deploying weapons and weapons systems in outer space could, through a constant chain of action and reaction, lead to an escalation of the arms race in both “offensive” and “defensive” weapons, thus making the outbreak of nuclear conflict more likely. Such a situation would not only result in a quantum leap in the level of resources expended on armaments, but would also frustrate the efforts currently under way to achieve disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 39) The Heads of State or Government noted that in their join statement issued in Geneva in November 1985, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the President of the United States of America agreed to speed up bilateral United States-Soviet negotiations on arms limitations with the declared objective of working out “effective agreements aimed at preventing an arms race in space and terminating it on Earth with the ultimate goal of achieving the complete elimination of nuclear arsenals everywhere”. In this regard, the Heads of State or Government called upon the leaders of the two countries to pursue without delay and in a spirit of goodwill the objectives they set themselves at Geneva, and urged that an early agreement be reached in these negotiations to refrain from extending the arms race to outer space and simultaneously to effect drastic reductions in their existing nuclear arsenals. 

(Final Document, Para 40) Noting in particular the statement that “a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought”, and its corollary, that neither side would ever wage such a war, the Heads of State or Government hoped that, as a demonstration of the sincerity of their declaration, the United States and the Soviet Union, together with the other nuclear-weapon States, would agree to sign a binding instrument foreswearing the use of nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 41) The Heads of State or Government urged the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in their negotiations, constantly to take into account not only their own national interests but also the vital interests of all peoples of the world. They should keep the United Nations General Assembly and the Conference on Disarmament, as the sole multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament issues, duly informed of the progress and state of their negotiations. 

(Final Document, Para 45) While negotiations are under war for such a treaty, there should be a moratorium on all nuclear testing and the production and deployment of nuclear weapons. In this regard, the Heads of State or Government noted the appeal made by the leaders of Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden and the United Republic of Tanzania to the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in October 1985 and reiterated in February, April and August 1986, to put an end to all nuclear testing, as well as their concrete offer of assistance to achieve adequate verification arrangements to monitor such a moratorium. They welcomed the unilateral moratorium on nuclear testing declared by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in August 1985 and extended by it a number of times since then, including the most recent extension until 1 January 1987. They called upon the United States of America as one of the two super Powers which, together, are responsible for the bulk of nuclear-weapon tests, to join the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the moratorium and upon the Soviet Union to continue it. 

(Final Document, Para 48) The Movement noted with satisfaction the initiative taken by the Heads of State or Government of Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden and the United Republic of Tanzania in their joint declarations of 22 May 1984, 28 January 1985 and 7 August 1986, in which they called upon the nuclear-weapon States to halt all testing, production and deployment of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems, to be followed by substantial reductions in their nuclear forces. The six leaders had further urged that this reduction be followed by a continuing programme of reduction of armaments leading to general and complete disarmament and should be accompanied by measures to strengthen the United Nations system and to effect the urgently needed transfer of substantial resources from the arms race to social and economic development. The Delhi Declaration of 28 January 1985 had specified two steps which required special and urgent attention: the prevention of an arms race in outer space and the early conclusion of a comprehensive test-ban treaty. The Mexico Declaration of 7 August 1986 reiterated the need to adopt these measures. In addition, it urged the leaders of the United States of America and the Soviet Union to continue and re-invigorate the dialogue which they started last year, to set a firm date for a new meeting between them, and by an approach of mutual compromise and conciliation to ensure that such dialogue leads to practical results in the field of disarmament. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that these actions were in conformity with the basic approach of the non-aligned countries and showed the relevance of the principles of non-alignment and the positions of non-aligned countries for the international community at large. 

(Final Document, Para 56) The Heads of State or Government expressed their conviction that the limitation and reduction of the military activities and rivalry of great Powers and blocs beyond their boundaries would significantly contribute to the strengthening of the security of non-aligned and other countries. They therefore called for the military withdrawal and disengagement of the great Powers and their military alliances from positions beyond their frontiers and the elimination of their military bases and facilities from the territories of the non-aligned countries. 

(Final Document, Para 1) The Heads of State or Government stressed that since the very first meeting in Belgrade the strengthening of international security through disarmament has remained at the very core of the policy and practice of Non-Alignment. The Movement has constructively contributed to the process of disarmament by promoting dialogue between the two Great Powers, by attempting to shape a consensus in multilateral disarmament fora and by increasing public awareness of the threat of war, particularly nuclear war. The Heads of State or Government noted with satisfaction that the change in the positions of the Great Powers could be perceived as a response to the longstanding appeals of the Movement.They also expressed their strong expectation that future Great Powers negotiations would also be geared towards the well-being of all countries, in accordance with the principle of sovereign equality and the United Nations Charter. 

(Final Document, Para 3) They noted that super-power detente will not by itself resolve the conflicts which exist in various parts of the world. Indeed, such conflicts could become aggravated unless they are speedily resolved on the basis of the principles of the United Nations Charter. 

(Final Document, Para 5) The Heads of State or Government underlined in particular that general and complete disarmament under effective international control is by its very nature unattainable unless all countries joined in its implementation. They stressed that the use of nuclear weapons could lead to the extinction of human life on earth. Since nuclear war threatens the very right to live, all nations have an equal stake in preventing it. They were of the view that the on-going process of disarmament could be quickened and its coverage widened through the common endeavour of the entire international community. Clearly, the disarmament process cannot be carried out without a contribution by all States and especially by the Great Powers and their military alliances, which have the greatest responsibility in that regard. The Heads of State or Government expressed the firm resolve of their countries to continue to constructively encourage disarmament. They stressed that the strengthening of international security through disarmament and restraints of the qualitative and quantitative escalation of arms race, remains one of the most significant objectives and motives of the Movement’s constant commitment. Proceeding from the view that disarmament is a component of detente and security, including the national security of Non-Aligned Countries as a group and each of them individually, they stressed that the policy and practice of non-alignment stands for disarmament as the most tangible form of negation of military might and the use of force in international relations. 

(Final Document, Para 8) They stressed that for a number of reasons conditions today are more favourable for disarmament. The five USSR and USA summits in the last four years have had a positive effect on world developments as a whole. The USSR and USA have, for the first time in history, signed a treaty to eliminate some of the existing nuclear weapons. The Heads of State or Government welcomed this step and reiterated their expectation that it would be a precursor to the adoption of concrete disarmament measures leading to the complete elimination of nuclear weapons. In that sense, they attached particular importance to the current negotiations between the USSR and the USA on a considerable reduction of strategic offensive nuclear arsenals and hoped that the current delay would be overcome and the treaty signed at the earliest date. This process should be followed by the incorporation of other nuclear-weapon States into the process of nuclear disarmament. They wished to stress in particular that the world of today but also the world of tomorrow requires that doctrines of power policies be replaced by a policy of cooperation, aimed at fulfilling the legitimate expectations of the entire international community. 

(Final Document, Para 9) The Heads of State or Government, however, noted that while the overall international climate is positive, there is still much to be done to halt the arms race. Even if the current goals in East-West arms negotiations are achieved, the two blocs willretain significant nuclear and conventional arsenals. They emphasized the extreme urgency of adopting measures for achieving nuclear disarmament through a time-bound program for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons. Meanwhile, they reiterated the need for non-nuclear weapons states to be assured against the use or treat of use of nuclearweapons, and urged for the early conclusion of an international agreement for this purpose. In addition, they stressed the need for the conclusion of an international agreement prohibiting all use of nuclear weapons under any circumstances. They reiterated the urgency of preventing the arms race in outer space, which should be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. They further stressed the importance of naval disarmament. They also underlined the need to preventthe arms race in its qualitative aspects. 

(Final Document, Para 18) They drew attention to the fact that attacks on the independence and integrity of countries are mostfrequently carried out with conventional weapons. The sophistication of these kinds of weapons by the most powerful countries is acquiring alarming proportions. Theystressed that conventional disarmament isan important component of general and complete disarmament, and that the Great Powers and their respective alliances have special responsibilities in that regard as well. The Non-Aligned Countries also expressed their readiness to fully contribute to the initiation and realization of the process of conventional disarmament on the global,regional and subregional levels. In this connection, they pointed out that the cessation of all acts of aggression against Non-Aligned Countries, the strict observance of the principles of non-intervention and non-interference in the internal affairs of States, non-use or threat of use of force in international relations, peaceful settlement of disputes, self-determination,self-defence, and the removal of all economic and political pressures against Non-Aligned Countries will make it possible for all of them to contribute effectively to the process of disarmament. 

(Final Document, Para 43) The Heads of State or Government welcomed a number of positive developments since the Ninth Summit in the field of nuclear, chemical and conventional disarmament, including agreements reached in bilateral arms reductions between the United States and the Russian Federation. They attached particular importance to the June 1992 Agreement between the United States and the Russian Federation in Washington, D.C. and expressed the hope that the implementation of the far-reaching reductions will be successfully carried out, so that the ultimate goal of the complete elimination of nuclear arsenals will be attained within a specific time-frame. They called upon the other nuclear-weapon States to actively participate in this endeavour and thereby rid the world of the dangers posed by the nuclear menace. 

(Final Document, Para 44) The Heads of State or Government also welcomed the broadening and deepening of the dimensions of disarmaments. Far from the mere regulation of armaments and the arms race, agreements now include the destruction of existing arsenals, as well as limiting future production. They also noted with satisfaction the decisive progress achieved in the complex field of verification and in the on-site inspection provisions which are now included to ensure compliance with agreements. In this context, they called for the establishment of a multilateral satellite verification system under the auspices of the United Nations to facilitate such processes on a secure and permanent basis which would ensure equal access to information for all States. 

(Final Document, Para 46) The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that the United Nations has a unique role and primary responsibility on all issues of disarmament. They re-emphasized the right and duty of all States to participate in multilateral efforts on disarmament on the basis of equality and mutual benefit in order to promote universal adherence. The Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating forum in the field of disarmament has been engaged in intense activity with respect to negotiations on some of the items on its agenda. They noted with regret, however, that it has failed to discharge its mandate on issues related to nuclear disarmament. Bilateral and multilateral approaches to disarmament must complement each other. Bilateral negotiations, however, cannot replace multilateral efforts in the disarmament field. In this context, they welcomed the Global Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and called for its speedy entry intro force as a meaningful step forward towards the elimination of all weapons of mass destruction in all regions and towards the shared objective of general and complete disarmament. They called upon all developed countries to adopt measures promoting universal adherence to the Chemical Weapons Convention, through transfer of technology, materials and equipment for peaceful purposes in the chemical field and removing all existing unilateral discriminatory and ad hoc restrictions which ran counter to this undertaking. 

(Final Document, Para 85) They expressed their concern at the limited and slow progress achieved in the negotiations aimed at reducing, and ultimately eliminating, nuclear arsenals pursuant to the objectives of general and complete disarmament. They urged all the other Nuclear-Weapon States to join the ongoing efforts of the two countries possessing the largest nuclear weapons arsenals to speed up the process for the complete elimination of this category of arms. 

(Final Document, Para 113) The Heads of State or Government reiterated that with the end of the Cold War, there is no justification for the maintenance of nuclear arsenals, or concepts of international security based on promoting and developing military alliances and policies of nuclear deterrence. They noted and welcomed the various international initiatives, which stress that with the end of the Cold War the opportunity now exists for the international community to pursue nuclear disarmament as a matter of the highest priority. They also noted that the present situation whereby Nuclear Weapon States insist that nuclear weapons provide unique security benefits, and yet monopolise the right to own them, is highly discriminatory, unstable and cannot be sustained. These weapons continued to represent a threat to the survival of the mankind. The Heads of State or Government recalled their principled positions on nuclear disarmament and the related issues of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear tests. They expressed their concern at the slow pace of progress towards nuclear disarmament, which constitutes their primary disarmament objective. They noted the complexities arising from nuclear tests in South Asia, which underlined the need to work even harder to achieve their disarmament objectives, including elimination of nuclear weapons. They considered positively the commitment by the parties concerned in the region to exercise restraint, which contributes to regional security, to discontinue nuclear tests and not to transfer nuclear weapons-related material, equipment and technology. They further stressed the significance of universal adherence to the CTBT, including by all Nuclear Weapon States, and commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on fissile materials (decision CD/1547), which, inter-alia, should accelerate the process of nuclear disarmament. They also stressed their positions against unilateral, coercive or discriminatory measures which have been applied against Non-Aligned countries. They reiterated the need for bilateral dialogue to secure peaceful solutions on all outstanding issues and the promotion of confidence and security building measures and mutual trust. They recalled that the Cartagena Summit had called for the adoption of an action plan for the elimination of nuclear weapons within a time-bound framework. They once again called upon the international community to join them in negotiating and implementing universal, non-discriminatory disarmament measures and mutually agreed confidence-building measures. They called for an international conference, preferably in 1999, with the objective of arriving at an agreement, before the end of this millennium on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons with a specified framework of time to eliminate all nuclear weapons, to prohibit their development, production, acquisition, testing, stockpiling, transfer, use and threat of use, and to provide for their destruction. 

(Final Document, Para 72) The Heads of State or Government, while noting the signing of the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reduction between the Russian Federation and the United States on 24 May 2002, stressed that reductions in deployments and in operational status cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons. 

(Final Document, Para 84) The Heads of State or Government, while noting the entry into force of the 2002 Moscow Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States, stressed that reductions in deployments and in operational status cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons, and called on the United States and the Russian Federation to apply the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to further reduce their nuclear arsenals, both warheads and delivery systems, under the Treaty. 

(Final Document, Para 118) The Heads of State and Government, while noting the entry into force of the 2002 Moscow Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States, stressed that reductions in deployments and in operational status cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons, and called on the United States and the Russian Federation to apply the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to further reduce their nuclear arsenals, both warheads and delivery systems, under the Treaty. While taking note of the positive signals by the United States and the Russian Federation on their negotiations on the replacement of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), which is due to expire by the end of 2009, the Heads of State and Government urged them to conclude such negotiations urgently in order to achieve further deep cuts in their strategic and tactical nuclear weapons. The Heads of State and Government further stressed that such cuts should be irreversible, verifiable and transparent. 

(Final Document, Para 151) The Ministers, while noting the conclusion of the New START Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States, stressed that reductions in deployments and in operational status cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons. In this context they called on the United States and the Russian Federation to apply the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to such cuts, to further reduce their nuclear arsenals, both warheads and delivery systems, thus contributing to the fulfilment of their nuclear disarmament obligations and facilitating the realisation of a world free of nuclear weapons at an earliest date. 

(Final Document, Para 187) The Heads of State or Government, while noting the conclusion and entry into force of the New START Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States, stressed that reductions in deployments and in operational status, although they may contribute to risk reduction, cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons. In this context they called on the United States and the Russian Federation to apply the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to such cuts, to further reduce their nuclear arsenals, both warheads and delivery systems, thus contributing to the fulfillment of their nuclear disarmament obligations and facilitating the realization of a world free of nuclear weapons at the earliest date.